6 The Flammable (or Explosive) Range. The limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) is the minimum O2 concentration in a mixture of fuel, air, and an inert gas that will propagate flame. Ammonia has a flammability range of 15% to 28% by volume in air, which means that if the concentration of ammonia in air is between these values, it can ignite and burn when exposed to an ignition source such as a spark or flame. 6 Behavior in Fire: Vapor is heavier than air and may travel a Toluene is a clear, colorless, volatile liquid with a sweet, pungent, benzene-like odor. Aspiration hazard if swallowed - can enter lungs and cause damage. The limiting oxygen concentration is a necessary parameter when designing hypoxic air fire prevention systems. Versatile Chemical Precursor: Toluene serves Hydrogen Flammability. Limiting concentrations are commonly called the lower explosive or flammable limit (LEL/LFL) and the upper explosive or flammable limit (UEL/UFL). This Public Health Statement summarizes the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s (ATSDR) findings on toluene, including chemical characteristics, exposure risks, possible health effects from exposure, and ways to limit exposure. combustion of the fuel is possible but cannot be sustained without an ignition source. Apr 5, 2023 · Conclusion. One consideration which is of particular concern to chemists is Feb 15, 2022 · Based on the vapor pressure of toluene under standard ambient conditions (25 °C, 1 bar), the toluene concentration in air in a holding tank could be in the flammable range based on the lower and higher flammability limits for this compound (1. Aspiration hazard. 1 mol%). 5. May 24, 2024 · Benefits of Toluene. The flammability limits depend linea … The Flammable Range (LEL/UEL %) The range between the lower and the upper explosive limit (LEL / UEL %) is defined as the flammable range of a specific explosive and flammable gas. Aug 17, 2015 · The combustion characteristics and explosive hazard of syngas (H 2 /CO)/air mixtures are affected by its exact composition and equivalence ratios. , benzene, methanol, and acetone. The experimental apparatus consisted of a 20-L spherical chamber with a centrally located 10 J fuse wire igniter. The flash point is an indication of how easy a chemical may burn. Flammable region of toluene–air mixtures at 100 and 500 kPa and at 120°C. 02-0. Mar 1, 2007 · The flammability envelope was experimentally determined up to the point of vapor saturation for four flammable liquids: methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, and toluene. The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary target organ for toluene toxicity in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long Nov 28, 2023 · Toluene is a clear, flammable, aromatic hydrocarbon liquid with a smell similar to benzene. But many solvents are also extremely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Invertebrates ECS0 -Daphnia magna (Water flea) - 6 mg/I -48 h: 108-88-3 {Toluene) Persistence and degradability: Readily biodegradable Bioaccumulative potential: bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate Mobility in soil: toluene is expected to have high to moderate mobility in . 1 ± 0. Hydrogen's flammability range (between 4% and 75% in air) is Toluene. The Flash Point (FP). 8 °F @ 760 mmHg Flash Point 4 °C / 39. , by grounding). If measured concentrations are kept sufficiently far below the flammable range (e. Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid which becomes a vapor when exposed to air at room temperature. 1 General 2. 0; LEL for Methane: 5. 1 vol % Lower 1. Apr 11, 2005 · Abstract. Chemical and physical properti es data may be diffi cult Jul 1, 2008 · The flammability characteristics of chemical substances are very important for safety considerations in manufacturing processes. It is used as a solvent in the production of paints, varnishes, and other coatings. The flammability diagram of toluene is shown in Fig. 3. 1%: HSDB 2010: Conversion factors ppm Table 4-2, Physical and Chemical Properties of Toluene - Toxicological Profile for Toluene. An optimized estimation model based on adiabatic flame temperature method was verified on benzene series. Possible risk of harm to the unborn child. Apr 20, 2023 · Toluene is a member of the aromatic hydrocarbon family, which means it contains a benzene ring in its molecular structure. 0) Flammability (solid,gas) Not applicable Flammability or explosive limits Upper 7. The values shown in this table are valid only for the conditions under which they were Solvents. 3 Flash Point (FP) Apr 13, 2023 · Solubility and Density. Substance. Toluene vapor has a sharp or sweet odor, which is a sign of exposure. 3 Fire Extinguishing Agents: Carbon dioxide or dry chemical for small fires, ordinary foam for large fires. 8 ± 0. Both benzene and toluene are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents due to their non-polar nature. 5 to 2 strokes, 5-690 ppm range, uncertainty 16% for 10-100 ppm, 8% for 200-300 ppm. the vapor pressure of the solvent equals its lower flammability limit. urces. Fuel was injected using a precision syringe. Properties of Toluene (C. This is the criteria OSHA uses for determining the flammability of liquids. Dec 31, 1999 · The flammability limits of toluene-air mixtures are experimentally determined at pressures up to 500 kPa and temperatures up to 250 degrees C in a closed spherical vessel. vapor may cause flash fire. It can form explosive mixtures with air and can ignite easily in the presence of ignition sources, such as flames, sparks, or heat. Three basic requirements must be met for explosion to take place: 1. 8, 1. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies the The progressive addition of an inert gas to a fuel–air mixture causes the narrowing of the flammability range to the point where the two limits coincide. 4 (Butyl acetate = 1. Toluene is typically used in a mixture with other solvents and chemicals such as paint pigments. Synonyms: Toluol; Methyl Benzene; Phenyl Methane. 4 Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water may be ineffective 4. Toluene was first isolated by Pierre-Joseph Pelletier (1788–1842) and Philippe Walter (1810–1847) in 1837. 2. Prevent build-up of electrostatic charges (e. Features of Toluene: Chemical Formula: Toluene, also known as methylbenzene, has the chemical formula C7H8. The liquid was injected and vaporized into the chamber via a May 10, 2024 · Ingestion: Can cause effects as described for inhalation. Chemicals in a liquid form do not burn, their vapors do. Dust clouds of this concentration are hard to see through for more than a short distance, and normally only exist inside process equipment. 2, 1. Check if the vapor composition for liquids listed here will fall within their flammability range both at atmospheric FLASH POINT. may cause respiratory tract, eye and skin irritation. source of ignition - spark or high heat Aug 19, 2021 · The outputs of the two modeling programs were analyzed and compared. Such diagrams are available in the speciality literature. It is often used as a solvent in various industrial and consumer products, including paints, coatings, adhesives, and gasoline. , 2019, 2020a). 4°F (23°C) and with a boiling point above 95°F (35°C). Download : Download full-size image; Fig. Oct 8, 2014 · Proper Toluene Storage & Disposal. Effects of Long-Term (Chronic) Exposure: Can cause dry, red, cracked skin (dermatitis) following skin contact. It is also called methylbenzene, indicating that a methyl group has been added to one of benzene’s carbon atoms. Above this level, the mixture is too “rich” to burn. soil. 1% (Chang et al. 4°F (23°C) and below 140°F (60°C). Sampling information. Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure. Table 1 Ref 1. The flashpoint of benzene is 11. The TLV for toluene was established to protect Oct 14, 2022 · Toluene is a gasoline additive that can be used to improve octane ratings for fuel used in race cars and other automobiles. Solvent Properties: Toluene is an effective solvent for dissolving a wide range of substances, including paints, coatings, adhesives, and plastics. The experiments, performed at atmospheric pressure and at an initial temperature of 70 °C, show that the flammable range View. The higher the octane number or rating, the greater the fuel’s resistance to knocking or pinging during combustion. Knowing how much vapor a chemical releases is important to understand its flammability risk. necessary for combustion to occur. 1-7. Melting Point -48°C Evaporation Rate 13. A representative graph showing the flammability envelope for Acrylonitrile at 32°C is shown in Figure 2. To check if the vapor composition of the listed liquids falls within their flammability range at atm 10. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in the fundamental understanding of flammability limits and their experimental determination as well as estimation methods for pure fuels and fuel mixtures. 4°C); therefore, it is a significant fire hazard at room temperature. 2. 4. Jul 30, 2019 · Flammable liquid classes are designated by the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) and there are six classes total based on a liquid’s closed-cup flash point and boiling point: Class IA, Class IB, Class IC, Class II, Class IIIA, and Class IIIB. Category 3 Flammable Liquids*: Closed-cup flash point at or above 73. flammable substance - fuel 2. There is evidence that exposure to toluene at work is Jan 1, 2017 · Reference Studied compounds Flammability limits Temperature range (°C) Pressure range (kPa) Goethals et al. identification product name: toluene chemical family: aromatic hydrocarbon cas # 108-88-3 synonyms: toluene, toluol, methylbenzene 2. 7 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) 1. NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. 2 ppm range, uncertainty 30% : Exposure Limits; OSHA PEL 8-hour TWA (ST) STEL International Chemical Safety Cards - Toluene-2,6 Nov 30, 2012 · The experiments were conducted for methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, and toluene. 1 Flammable Materials. 108-88-3. Toluene is used in these applications because it is dense and contains significant energy per unit of Flammability limits of benzene, toluene and different isomers of xylenes from 373 K to 473 K were measured. NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentration (IDLH): 500 ppm. Closed Flash Point °C. Mixtures of the three gasses are usually depicted in a triangular diagram, known as a ternary plot. Safe Handling of Solvents depends on: understanding the hazards, and. Toluene should be kept away from incompatible materials, like oxidizing Melting Point/Range-95 °C / -139 °F Boiling Point/Range 111 °C / 231. , (2020). The flammability and/or toxicity of solvents are commonly the most talked about hazards. 5 Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Not pertinent 4. Clear Liquid: It is a colourless, clear liquid with a distinct sweet odour. [1] [2] [3] The same information can be depicted in a normal Jun 3, 2022 · Gastec 122. S. 05% full-scale accuracy with a range of 0–25, 0–200, or 0–300 Step 1. 1. Its chemical formula is that of methylbenzene, C 6 H 5 CH 3. Common Name: TOLUENE. Lower Explosive Limit % v/v. 1-20. In this paper, the inert gas will be nitrogen. 2 FLAMMABILITY 2. aspiration hazard. 108-88-3 Revision Date 2007-07-01 New Jersey Right To Know Components monoxide, hydrogen sulphide. The article begins with a discussion of the importance and H 2 O acts as a diluent for oxygen, which reduces the rate of chemical reactions, thereby reducing the flammability range. Apr 1, 1991 · Toluene, a derivative of benzene, is a flammable, irritating, narcotic, colorless liquid with a pungent, pleasant, benzene-like odor. Effects on colour vision have been reported, but the. , 2021; Zhang et al. H. Jun 19, 2019 · Toluene Date of Revision: June 19, 2019 PAGE 5 of 8 odous. 866 Sep 4, 2019 · Category 2 Flammable Liquids: Closed-cup flash point below 73. Toluene is also used in the production of other chemicals such as benzene, xylenes, and TNT. 0 vol%, respectively, as obtained from closed vessel tests) [21]. Flammable limits usually refer to flowing materials; explosive limits usually refer to confined or stagnant mixtures. Toluene mixes readily with many organic solvents, but is poorly soluble in water. Breathing high levels of toluene during pregnancy has been shown to result in children with birth defects and to retard mental abilities and growth. However, ammonia is not as easily ignited as other damage. Exposure to toluene may occur from breathing ambient or indoor air affected by such. 3 Flash Point (FP) Apr 1, 2022 · Also, the flammability limits of benzene, toluene, and different isomers of xylenes have been measured in the temperature range of 373 – 473 K by Fu et al. When the oxygen concentration is below the LOC, flammable gas can then be safely admitted to the vessel, because the possibility of internal explosion has been eliminated. 65 log Pow Other adverse effects: Flammability: A safety guide for users Version 3, une 2013 Foreword PART 1 General advice for handling flammable solvents 1. Nov 11, 2015 · The testing was conducted using the apparatus depicted in Figure Figure1, 1, which consists of a 5. 2 COMMON CAUSES OF INCIDENTS 1. 31 vol% and 6. 87 Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) 7. Version: English May 4, 2023 · Yes, thinner is flammable and combustible. All the aforementioned works have in common the determination of the flammability limits to guarantee the safety handle of flammable compounds in different stages of industrial Properti es and characteristi c parameters of eight fuels [hydrogen, compressed natural gas (CNG), propane, methanol, ethanol, gasoline, No. 866 Apr 1, 2005 · The experiments, performed at atmospheric pressure and at an initial temperature of 70 degrees C, show that the flammable range of toluene in nitrous oxide (0. Lower flammability limits for many organic materials are in the range of 10–50 g/m 3, which is much higher than the limits set for health reasons, as is the case for the LEL of many gases and vapours. g. Examples: Acetone, Benzene, Cyclohexane, Isopropyl alcohol, Methyl ethyl ketone, Toluene, Ethanol. This chemical should be stored in a tightly closed container in a dry, well-ventilated, and secure place, preferably one designed for the storage of flammable liquids. oxidizer - oxygen or air 3. Nitrogen and oxygen were introduced with pressure gauges. This denotes the range of solvent vapour concentra-tions in air for which combustion is possible (see 2. The U. 0% by volume in air. The Flammable Range (also called Explosive Range) is the concentration range of a gas or vapor that will burn (or explode) if an ignition source is introduced. Download scientific diagram | Flammability diagram of toluene from publication: Preliminary safety evaluation of solvothermal liquefaction of plastic wastes using toluene as solvent TOLUENE and BENZENE react vigorously with allyl chloride or other alkyl halides, even at -70°C, in the presence of ethyl aluminum dichloride or ethyl aluminum sesquichloride. 4. It is important to keep toluene away from sources of heat or ignition. 1 Specific Gravity 0. 7. Question: In the storage of flammable liquids, if the composition of the vapor-air mixture above the liquid surface falls within the flammability limits, a floating roof tank would need to used or the tank blanketed with inert gas. Flammable and combustible liquids vaporize and form flammable mixtures with air when in open containers, when leaks . 88 g/cm³ depending on purity and temperature. Thinner is a highly volatile substance that contains flammable chemicals, such as acetone, toluene, and xylene, which can easily ignite when exposed to heat, sparks, or flames. 0, 1. hazards identification emergency overview flammable liquid and vapor. 1 Properties of Flammable and Combustible Liquids. 3 KEY RECOMMENDATIONS PART 2 Technical aspects of flammability and ignition 2. Flammable gases are usually gases with a lower explosive limit of less than 13 percent in air, or have a flammable range in air of at least 12 percent. Effects of Long-Term (Chronic) Exposure: Can cause dry, red, cracked skin (dermatiti. Flammability limit; Flammability diagram; Sources Toluene exposure may cause liver and kidney damage. 108-88-3 Revision Date 2007-07-01 SARA 311/312 Hazards Acute Health Hazard Chronic Health Hazard Fire Hazard Massachusetts Right To Know Components Toluene CAS-No. This bulleti n compares various properti es for gasoline and methanol. It is used as a solvent, in aviation Question: In the storage of flammable liquids, if the composition of the vapor-air mixture above the liquid surface falls within the flammability limits, a floating roof tank would be used or the tank blanketed with inert gas. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT FOR TOLUENE. It is flammable at temperatures greater than 40°F (4. Upper Explosive Limit % v/v. Xylene is a highly flammable liquid with a flashpoint of approximately 25-28°C and a flammable range of 1. Carbon monoxide has a lower explosive limit of 13 percent and upper Apr 19, 2021 · 25 strokes, approx 0. Flammability: A safety guide for users Version 3, une 2013 Foreword PART 1 General advice for handling flammable solvents 1. being careful and prepared. (USCG, 1999) Reactivity Profile. Toluene, aromatic hydrocarbon used extensively as starting material for the manufacture of Flammability limits: 1. Fuels and Chemicals - Autoignition Temperatures. If ingested causes vomiting, griping, diarrhea, depressed respiration. The results showed that the maximum threat zone distances associated with high hazards of toxicity, flammability, and thermal radiation of toluene were respectively 736, 132, and 52 m in ALOHA and 1626, no result, and 239 m for PHAST from the accident point in the downwind. The experimental device consisted of a 20 L volume spherical vessel with a fuse wire igniter and ignition energy of 10 J. 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Clearly for a single component, such as acetone, the vapour concentration at the flash point corresponds directly with the lower flammable limit. [12] Toluene: LFL, UFL: 60–225: 100–500: Liu and Zhang [13]: Hydrogen Dec 31, 1999 · Although the wide soot zone at 500 kPa extends the range of dangerous toluene concentrations (high explosion pressures), the UFL only increased half a percent with respect to the UFL at 100 kPa. Toluene is a colorless, water-insoluble flammable liquid with lower explosion limit (LEL) 1. Mar 1, 2023 · Toluene as a Solvent. 108-88-3 Revision Date 2007-07-01 Pennsylvania Right To Know Components Toluene CAS-No. Improves Fuel Efficiency: When used as a fuel additive, toluene increases the octane rating of gasoline, helping engines run more efficiently. The results at atmospheric pressure are compared with the results obtained in a glass tube. Maximum values of the explosion pressure ratio and the deflagration index, K (G Apr 11, 2005 · Abstract. It is highly flammable and can be harmful to human health if inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin in large amounts. If aspirated, causes coughing, gagging, distress, and rapidly developing pulmonary edema. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. It has a flash point of 40°F, a flammable range of 1. Determine if the floating roof or nitrogen gas blanketed tank is required for the storage of the combustion of the solvent is possible in the presence of an ignition source. 0 % Specific Gravity 0. Above this level, the mixture is too "rich" to burn. Benzene is a highly flammable liquid that burns very easily at relatively low temperatures. 3 L spherical vessel (rated to 5000 psi at 200 °C) equipped with two pressure transducers: a low-range pressure transducer used to prepare the gas mixtures by partial pressure (0. 07 degrees Fahrenheit or -11. For example, butane is a flammable gas because its lower explosive limit in air is 20 percent. Toluene affects the central nervous system, eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys. The maximum concentration of a gas or vapor that will burn in air is defined as the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL). 1 INTRODUCTION 11 2. Examples of LEL for common gases: LEL for Hydrogen: 4. Vapour/air mixtures are explosive. Toluene is less dense than water and will float on In a group of 37 rotogravure printers a close correlation (rs = 0. The flash point of a chemical substance is the lowest temperature where enough fluid can evaporate to form a combustible concentration of gas. Materials with higher flash points are less flammable or hazardous than chemicals Flammability diagrams show the control of flammability in mixtures of fuel, oxygen and an inert gas, typically nitrogen. Melting Point/Range-95 °C / -139 °F Boiling Point/Range 111 °C / 231. Values for LFL and LEL, or UFL and UEL, are identical. Effective Solvent: Toluene dissolves a wide range of organic compounds, making it valuable in producing paints, coatings, and adhesives. 5 mol%) is about three times as wide as the corresponding range of toluene in air (1. 25-22. ) following skin contact. Toluene is a common solvent used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications due to its volatility and solubility. by many excellent studies lately [2–18]. 1° F]) is a colourless, flammable, toxic liquid, insoluble in water but soluble in all common organic solvents. Explosions have been reported [NFPA 491M (1991)]. Jun 1, 2009 · In this work, we measured the flammability limits of benzene, toluene, xylenes by ASHRAE method based on E681-09 at elevated temperatures (373 K, 423 K and 473 K). Risk of fire and explosion on contact with strong oxidants. Exposure to this chemical and loud noise may cause greater hearing loss than expected. The experiments, performed at atmospheric pressure and at an initial temperature of 70 °C, show that the flammable range CLASS 3: Flammable liquid; Toluene UNNA: 1294 PG: II APPLICATION AREAS Toluene is used as a feedstock for a number of chemical syntheses including production of TDA, TDI, DNT, TNT, benzene and xylene. This study investigated the mixing of toluene and methanol mixtures Dec 1, 2022 · The flammability limit parameters and explosion characteristics of flammable liquids (methanol, ethanol, gasoline, toluene, etc. TOLUENE reacts vigorously with allyl chloride or other alkyl halides even at -70°C in the presence of The flash points for some common liquids and fuels. 1 vol % Vapor Pressure 29 mbar @ 20 °C Vapor Density 3. The flammable range or explosive range (EL) consists of all concentrations between the lower flammable limit and the upper flammable limit. Emergency Overview Flammable liquid and vapor. 75–7. 3-7. 2). 3 Source: Reference 14 Mar 25, 2015 · toluene 1. too rich in vapour, insufficient air. colorless liquid with a sweet, strong odor. May 1, 2005 · The experiments, performed at atmospheric pressure and at an initial temperature of 70 degrees C, show that the flammable range of toluene in nitrous oxide (0. 27%-7% 4. The flammable (explosive) range is the range of a gas or vapor concentration that will burn or explode if an ignition source is introduced. 87 g/cm³, while toluene is slightly denser at approximately 0. by ventilation), combustion cannot occur. Causes eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation. 2 °F Evaporation Rate 2. May be drawn into the lungs if swallowed or vomited, causing severe lung damage. It helps to dissolve pigments and resins and improves the flow and leveling of the coating. Mar 8, 2023 · Ammonia (NH3) is flammable in the air under certain conditions. Therefore, handling thinner with care is essential, using it in well-ventilated areas, and keeping it away from ignition sources. 6. Toluene, 10-300 ppm range. Highly flammable. Check if the vapor composition for the liquids below will fall within their flammability range at atmospheric Aug 19, 2014 · In the last years we investigated several toluene fires and so the question arose, why toluene in confirmed electrostatic ignitions of flammable liquids was affected in an above-average degree. Chemical Name: Benzene, Methyl-. In the storage of flammable liquids, if the composition of the vapor-air mixture above the liquid surface falls within the flammability limits, a floating roof tank would be used or the tank blanketed with inert gas such as nitrogen (N 2 ). The flash point of a liquid is the temperature at which the liquid has sufficient vapour pressure to just form a flammable atmosphere in equilibrium with the liquid. Death can result. Matheson-Kitagawa 8014-124SA. 4 Description. 1. A. SummaryToluene is added to gasoline, used to produce benzene, and used as a. Vapour Pressure 1 kPa @ 20. ) have been widely concerned by many scholars (Li et al. 8. lvent. Products that may contain toluene-such as paint, metal cleaners and Jul 5, 2024 · Pure toluene (melting point, -95° C [-139° F]; boiling point, 110. See also. 5 mol%) is about three times as Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) When the concentration of the vapour is above this figure there is insufficient air present to cause an explosion i. may be harmful if swallowed. In the storage of flammable liquids, if the composition of the vapor-air mixture above the liquid surface falls within the flammability limits, a floating roof tank would be used or the tank blanketed with inert gas. 78) was found between the time weighted toluene exposure during a five day working week (range 8-416 mg/cu m, median 75) and the concentration of toluene in subcutaneous adipose tissue (range 1. Mar 1, 2023 · Flammability limits play an important role in combustion research, industrial applications, and fire safety. e. Benzene has a density of about 0. (see manufacturer instructions) 0. Feb 15, 2022 · Based on the vapor pressure of toluene under standard ambient conditions (25 °C, 1 bar), the toluene concentration in air in a holding tank could be in the flammable range based on the lower and higher flammability limits for this compound (1. Vapors may cause drowsiness and dizziness. Flammability limits and explosion characteristics of toluene–nitrous oxide mixtures are experimentally determined in an 8 l spherical vessel, and are compared with corresponding values of toluene–air mixtures. Match each solvent structure correctly to its name. All fuels have a unique flammable range, which is the minimum and maximum concentration in air. 4; methanol: 12 C) [19–23], according to the National Fire Prevention Association in the US (NFPA) regulations [24–26 Jun 1, 1991 · 3 and 17 percent Acrylonitrile are potentially flammable (see “flammability limits” in Table 2. also be exposed to an ignition source. 1–7. Flammable substances have a lower flash point, meaning they can ignite and burn at lower temperatures, while combustible substances require higher temperatures to ignite and sustain combustion. 6° C [231. Toluene is assigned to explosion group IIA and is about as sensitive to ignitions as, e. 1) This flammability envelope is a function of temperature, pressure and the concentration of oxygen in the vapor. Liquid irritates eyes and causes drying of skin. 2: K: AVG: N/A: Average of 110 out of 132 values; Individual data points Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment; T fus: 178. 0°C Boiling Range 136 – 145°C Odour Threshold Not available. Below this level, the mixture is too "lean" to burn. 2009). 2 Flammable Range 2. Benzene ignites in contact with the powdered chromic anhydride [Mellor 11:235 (1946-1947)]. 17–1. 5 Freezing Point -48°C Vapour Density 3. 0 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 100 ppm (375 mg/m 3) 10-hour TWA; 150 ppm (560 mg/m 3) STEL. The high specific heat capacity of H 2 O absorbs the heat of the gas [69, 81], making it difficult to heat the unburned area [54]. 2 to 7 Toluene CAS-No. Jun 11, 2023 · Flammable and combustible both refer to substances capable of catching fire and burning, but the main difference lies in their flash points. Toluene is also used as a component of solvents in paint and lacquer industry and as an octane enhancing component of gasoline. rom noise exposure alone. These six classes fall into either flammable liquids or combustible liquids. In fact, toluene and methanol are grouped into ‘‘Flammable liquids (Class I liquids)’’ because their flash points (FP) are all less than 23 C (73 F) (FP—toluene: 4. 2 Flammable Limits in Air: 1. The following table provides a comprehensive list of toluene properties in both Quantity Value Units Method Reference Comment; T boil: 383. 2 diesel, and biodiesel] are listed in part 1B of the Technical Bulleti n2. Date: November 2007 Revision: April 2016 CAS Number: RTK Substance Number: r:108-88-31866UN 1294Description and UseToluene is. 1 % pH Not available. Table 1 shows examples for several types of solvents. 87 g/cm³ to 0. The spread of the flame is thus suppressed, reducing the flammability range. ) Toluene is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquid hydrocarbon compound with the chemical formula C 7 H 8. The flammability diagram Overview. 8). 7 mg/kg, median 3. Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet. For combustion to occur, a fuel within its flammable range, must. The ACGIH Threshold Limit Value (TLV) was established in 2006. 63 degrees Celsius and thus Benzene is above its flashpoint at room temperature or even storage temperatures in most The maximum concentration of a gas or vapor that will burn in air is defined as the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL). Investigated flammable concentration ranges of benzene series + H<SUB loc="post">2</SUB>O to test flame-retardant effect of common diluents. 1 stroke, 5-500 ppm range. The range between the LEL and UEL is known as the flammable range for that gas or vapor. In this paper, the explosion pressure and spectral radiant intensity of free radicals were quantitatively examined for syngas with different H 2 proportions ([H 2 in syngas] = 0, 30, 50, 70, 100 vol%) and equivalence ratios (φ = 0. or nf ox sn pu nk dk ec zd vf