How does rfid work. html>ll

RFIDs are widely used in our daily tasks, that is why RFID hacking is becoming increasingly common and one of the primary targets for bad Oct 17, 2023 · The RFID tag, also known as an RFID transponder, is typically attached to an object or embedded in an ID card, key fob, or smartphone. 25" (5. Fact 1: Quality and Design Matter. How RFID Tags Work. Becoming a member also gives you cheaper charging rates which is great if you regularly use one of its units to top-up your car. RFID (radio-frequency identification) is a method of wireless communication that uses electromagnetic waves to identify and track tags attached to objects. RFID technology, which stands for R adio F requency Id entification technology, is a system consisting of an RFID transponder (a combination of transmitter and responder), antenna, and an RFID reader, also called interrogator and interpreter. It offers a long read range and high data transfer rates. With supply chain visibility and inventory accuracy becoming more important, RFID has gone from Apr 29, 2024 · An RFID tag is an electromagnetic chip that both sends and receives information. The scanning antenna puts out radio-frequency signals in a relatively short range. Tag The RFID tag has an embedded transmitter and receiver. They can store a range of information, including unique identification numbers, product details, or sensor data. Generally, the larger the area of the tag antenna, the more energy it will be able to collect and the greater read range the tag will have. How does RFID work? Using RFID tags to tag items allows users to automatically and uniquely identify and track inventory and assets. They use a loop similar to the ones used in wireless charging phones to pick up energy from a similar one in the reader, which is rectified and applied to a chip in the tag. Sep 24, 2022 · RFID stands for radio-frequency identification. The RFID tag, also known as an RFID transponder or chip, contains a unique identifier and is attached to an object or embedded in a card. Applications include inventory management and supply chain tracking. RFID jamming cards are the size of typical credit cards (0. Inside the capsule, you'll find the actual silicon microchip that holds the important information, as well as a tuning capacitor and an antenna coil. An RFID label works by transmitting or receiving data through an antenna and integrated circuit often called a microchip. How does retail rfid An RFID asset tracking system uses electromagnetic fields to transmit data from an RFID tag to a reader. But, labels and tags are only one part of RFID technology. You can think of it as an invisible barcode. RFID Printers are devices that simultaneously print and encode information on RFID inlays or labels. RFID and NFC offer ways to electronically identify people, places and things. RFID systems, like all systems involving energy, are governed by the laws of physics. RFID systems usually include RFID readers, RFID tags, and antennas. An RFID wallet is only as effective as the quality of its design. How does RFID work? A Radio-Frequency Identification system has three parts: A scanning antenna；A transceiver with a decoder to interpret the data and A transponder – the RFID tag – that has been programmed with information. Transponders are similar to the passive RFID tags wherein using the reader is required to transmit data. Jun 24, 2024 · Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a form of wireless communication that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person. RFID tags’ essence could be boiled down to three key elements: a microchip, antenna and a substrate. UHF RFID is widely used in inventory management, supply chain logistics, and retail applications. What I'm using it to test out here are Vulkit RFID blocking cards, which are designed to protect credit cards, debit cards, and ID cards using 13. How RFID tags work. The two ends of the system communicate using electromagnetic fields. RFID tags, also known as transponders, are small electronic devices that contain a May 9, 2023 · RFID, or radio frequency identification, is a type of technology that sends information between a tag to a scanner. Physics is the study of matter and its motion through space and time, along with related concepts such as energy and force. The RFID systems consists of RFID Reader and a tag which is normally used in identification and tracking of objects. A long-range RFID skimmer is a device that a fraudster uses to intercept a connection between an RFID chip and a reader. Microwave Frequency RFID: Microwave frequency RFID operates above 3 GHz and provides a very long read Jun 12, 2024 · RFID is short for “radio frequency identification,” and as such, RFID tags utilize radio frequency technology. When the RFID card comes into proximity with the reader, the antenna emits radiofrequency signals. Some RFID tags can be powered by a battery, but many RFID tags aren't self-powered. A small chip -- known as an RFID tag -- is attached to or implanted in an object. The technology is also being used increasingly in access control and security systems. Here are the primary RFID frequency ranges: Low Frequency (LF) – 125 KHz or 134 KHz. So how to tell if a wallet is May 26, 2024 · Also, RFID locks can be distinguished on several bases. RFID Printers have the ability to print not only humanreadable numbers and information, but graphics Oct 17, 2023 · How do RFID tags work? RFID tags, also known as transponders, operate through a process of emit-and-respond communication. The chip then uses those radio waves as an energy source to activate a simple circuit. The tag Mar 16, 2022 · RFID technology works by sending radio waves to tags, which contain electronic chips. Through antennas, RFID readers communicate with tags attached to specific objects, such as Jun 24, 2024 · RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification technology. So, in this video, what is RFID, what is inside this RFID system, how RFID RFID is a wireless technology that uses radio frequency fields to transfer data. 56 MHz, and the range of reading is 10 centimeters to 1 meter. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is defined as a cutting-edge technology that harnesses radio waves to identify and monitor objects or people effortlessly without physical contact. Depending on the type, the receiver tracks and Mar 6, 2023 · by Michael Keenan. High Frequency (HF) – 13. Sep 14, 2021 · One photo ID badge enabled with one shared badge technology, used in multiple systems is the ideal ID badge solution! To learn more on how you can take full advantage of RFID and other related badge technologies and integrate them within your organization’s identity programs visit: www. The term RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification, as the name defines the operation of the device is based on the Radio frequency signals. The RFID reader is the device responsible for sending and receiving radio waves. RFID is used across industries, typically to track the location and movement of objects, such as items in a supermarket or components in a factory assembly line. Apr 4, 2024 · The active RFID tags come in two main types: these are transponders and beacons. RFID or Radio Frequency Identification is a form of wireless information transmission that uses radio waves. While barcodes require direct scanning, an RFID scanner can read an encoded Jun 6, 2023 · Definition of RFID technology. 56 MHz. g. Mar 18, 2024 · Definition. A reader consists of a radio frequency module and an antenna that generates a high frequency electromagnetic field. The technology consists of two main components: the RFID card and the RFID reader. RFID chips are sometimes used in passports, credit cards, and transport passes to allow Dec 21, 2018 · In this video, we learn about how RFID works and we see how RFID chips are designed. Due to its all-around resistance to external RFID for vehicle access control. These systems keep out unauthorized vehicles that would otherwise Sep 7, 2021 · RFID stands for radio-frequency identification, and is a vital part of modern tracking, location, and identification technologies. These readers are essential components in RFID systems, enabling the retrieval and transmission of data from the RFID tags. ” Marc Benioff, CEO of Salesforce (2011) How does an RFID card work? RFID cards work by emitting a radio signal that a scanner can read. Depending on the RFID chip — active or passive — these radio waves can broadcast from only a few inches to upwards of 1,500 feet. The most popular way to achieve this is by getting an RFID blocking wallet — a holder for your cards that is made from materials that interfere with electromagnetic fields. In this tutorial, we’ll explore the RFID’s origin, families, components, working principle and global frequency allocation. Contactless credit cards. Security applications. RFID sensor. Car RFID tags exchange wireless signals with an RFID reader as soon as the reader senses that the tag is in its range. Oct 17, 2019 · It works like this: The RFID system consists of a tracking chip and a control device, which is a reader and a transmitter in one. Whether you are talking about office equipment in a multi-story building, wheelchairs and IV pumps in a large hospital, tools and equipment in a factory, or pumping equipment in far-flung oil fields, RFID can provide accurate, real-time RFID stands for “radio-frequency identification. RFID blocking technology was developed to prevent criminals from taking Feb 29, 2024 · “The future is about the Internet of Things, and RFID is a key technology that will enable it. Powering the Card: The electromagnetic field generated by the reader’s antenna powers the RFID card. An RFID reader is needed to transmit radio Oct 6, 2022 · These RFID cards are usually free, although you may need to become a paying member of some networks to be able to order one. It does this by broadcasting a radio signal that is picked up by a receiver. Toll collection. And antenna enables the tag to receive and An RFID enabled credit card can be identified by its unique Wi-Fi-like symbol and a rectangular chip in front. Inventory tracking. Metro cards have RFID chips for quick swiping, and dogs are implanted with RFID chips for tracking. They consist of an integrated circuit (IC) chip and an antenna that facilitate the transmission and reception of data wirelessly. This enables businesses and consumers to identify, locate, authenticate, and engage with every item tagged with a RAIN RFID tag. Aug 6, 2022 · The RFID location tracking technology can track the location of an object without the need for any form of human intervention. The RFID chips used in credit cards, thankfully, are passive RFID tags, so the chip has to be close enough — usually four to Introduction to RFID Modules – Construction, Types and Working. What is RFID technology and how does it work? An RFID or radio frequency identification system consists of two main components, a tag attached to the object to be identified, and a reader that reads the tag. This is used to allow transactions without the need to type anything into any device. How Do RFID Wallets Work? An RFID-blocking wallet functions by using materials like carbon fiber or aluminum to interrupt the electromagnetic signal from the RFID chip. How Does RFID Work? RFID tags contain a small microchip that stores information about the item to which it is attached. An NFC RFID tag, similar to a QR code, can easily push users to a digital landing page so that they can learn more information about a brand, product, or campaign. The scanner, or reader, emits radio waves that pick up signals from nearby items Mar 6, 2023 · Mar 6, 2023. RFID Tags: RFID tags are small electronic devices that contain an antenna and a microchip. RFID Tag: The RFID tag is the core element of an RFID key fob. RFID tags can be “inlaid” or stuck to the item as a label. RFID Frequency Band Allocation. ”. With credit cards, the particular type of RFID technology used is called near-field communication (NFC). They're good for the life span of the pet. The High-Frequency readers of RFID work on 13. RFID systems include a radio transponder, receiver, and transmitter. Most Adam Volle. These tags come in various forms, such as stickers, cards, or even embedded in products. There are a number of RFID frequencies May 7, 2021 · Supporting software or services encode tags and process RFID data for end use. RFID skimming is the wireless interception of information from RFID chip-based debit, credit and ID cards and other documents, such as passports. Mar 12, 2021 · The different RFID tag types and when to use them. It is a small device that contains a microchip and an antenna, which work together to transmit and receive data wirelessly using radio waves. RFID gives a person the ability to track and identify inventory in real time. But we don't think it should be a deciding factor when Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has revolutionized the way we interact with technology, transforming various industries from retail and logistics to healthcare and beyond. Car RFID tags are part of a vehicle access control system with these parts: Car RFID tag. But does that mean that the radio frequency is being reflected back to the reader? . Introduction. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology is a way for retailers to identify items using radio waves. An RFID tag is a part of RFID technology. With supply chain visibility and inventory accuracy becoming more important, RFID has gone from “nice to have Oct 17, 2023 · 1. These devices are the only way to print on labels, and they also save time by automating the manual process of encoding each tag. With your RFID wristband, you just tap your way in, feeling like a rock star! 5. These tags are small and can be attached to people, machines, electronic devices, vehicles, or any other physical object. This guide covers the components, applications, and environmental factors of RFID systems. With their ability to read and process information from a variety of tags Mar 6, 2023 · by Michael Keenan. At a very basic level, RFID consists of two things: a tag and a receiver. With supply chain visibility and inventory accuracy becoming more important, RFID has gone from RFID operates across different frequency ranges, each suited for specific applications and environments. Apr 22, 2024 · Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): A technology that allows the identification of an item using radio waves. Computer systems can know about things in the real world, collecting information about where they are, how they are used and whether they need attention. How does an RFID card work? To understand how an RFID card works, we need to explore the interaction between the card and an RFID reader. RFID tags are small devices that contain an integrated circuit and Apr 23, 2023 · So, let's try it out. For gate access control, RFID can be used to automatically identify vehicles and drivers. It uses radio frequency to search, identify, track, and communicate with items and people. The RFID transponder is comprised of a microchip that holds information to identify an object, product, or person and an antenna for transmitting this data to the reader. Feb 25, 2024 · An RFID access control system works by using RFID technology to authenticate and authorize individuals' entry into secure areas. Radio frequency identification, or RFID, is typically employed using a microchip Jun 14, 2022 · The working of RFID label is different from the barcode and UPC codes as it doesn’t require a line of sight to transmit radio waves between the scanner device and label. High Frequency: It is one of the leading technologies used in commercial door locks. RFID has been around for a long time and is a term used to describe technology that uses radio frequencies for things like scanning items at a grocery store or giving you access to your office via a key fob. They have a signal that is readable from hundreds of feet away. When a person presents an RFID card or key fob to an RFID reader, the reader scans the card's information and sends it to the access control software for verification. eXpressbadging. These can communicate wirelessly with each other. The system is activated by a transfer of electromagnetic energy between a radio label and an RFID transmitter. It contains a microchip and an antenna, which enable it to transmit and receive data. When a scanner is nearby an RFID chip is activated, sending information to the scanner for reading. Example: Imagine you’re at a concert, and there’s a special lounge for VIPs. com or call 800-909-8602. They can help to automate Sep 30, 2016 · Share. RFID tags are used in a variety of applications, such as tracking inventory or assets, monitoring livestock, and identifying people or animals. When an RFID reader emits a radio frequency (RF) signal, it energizes the RFID tag. Oct 17, 2023 · How does UHF RFID work? UHF RFID technology relies on the interaction between RFID readers and UHF RFID tags to enable automatic identification and tracking of objects. It transmits data from a RFID tag to a reader, giving you accurate, real-time tracking data of your inventory. The process involves several key components and steps: 1. The actual RFID component contained in a tag has two parts: an integrated circuit for storing and processing information, and an antenna to receive and transmit a signal. 56MHz-frequency RFID from Feb 5, 2016 · RF Physics & RFID: A Brief Overview. You can think of these encoded labels like barcodes, but with greater readability and accessibility. The data is then verified by the printer to make sure it was encoded correctly. With this kind of control, warehouse management can always know where inventory is located within the supply chain. The card is passed over the reader, which knows to shoot off some radio waves (how?), and those radio waves are somehow interpreted to be data, such as an rfid card number. The RFID card contains a microchip that consists of an antenna and a small memory to store data. It involves an RFID tag and a transponder. The chip wakes up and trasmits its ID, then shuts down again. Like getting into special events, making quick payments, or even tracking lost items. While this technology might sound complicated, we assure you that it’s simpler than it sounds. RFID systems consist of RFID tags (which contain a microchip and antenna), RFID readers (that emit radio waves to activate the tags) and a backend system (that manages and processes the data collected by the May 2, 2017 · An RFID reader is a network connected device (fixed or mobile) with an antenna that sends power as well as data and commands to the tags. The chip is attached to an RFID reader (interrogator Nov 17, 2022 · Here are some common examples of how companies use RFID in the supply chain. The antenna transmits the data to a reader that converts the radio waves to usable Before buying an RFID wallet and finding out do RFID wallets work for you, there are some things you need to consider, including the quality and design of the product as well as its part in a larger security issue. RAIN RFID provides rich, real-time data and insights for Dec 3, 2019 · How Do RFID-Blocking Wallets Work? People have been concerned about RFID chips for many years now, and not just in credit cards. May 3, 2019 · How does RFID skimming work? RFID or radio frequency identification is a form of wireless communication. There is no perfect tag for all applications. It consists of three primary components: RFID tags, RFID readers, and a data management system. Oct 17, 2023 · How Does RFID Technology Work? RFID technology, or radio frequency identification technology, uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. Devices like keys, fobs, credit cards, and even passports use RFID technology. Oct 17, 2023 · How Does RFID Technology Work? RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology works through the use of radio waves to wirelessly transfer data between an RFID card and a reader device. RFID tags are frequently used for merchandise, but they can also be used to track vehicles, pets, and even These labels integrate RFID technology with functions such as moisture or temperature sensing printable labels, enabling advanced data capture and identification capabilities. To protect yourself against RFID skimming, you can line your RFID devices with foil or invest in an RFID-blocking jacket or wallet. One distinction is “How does RFID door lock work?” These are the technologies for RFID locks. They create a protective shield around your cards that prevents unauthorized scanners from recording and stealing information stored within the chips. Jun 1, 2017 · How Does RFID Work? A basic RFID system comprises two parts: the tag, and the reader. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to wirelessly identify and track tagged objects. Whereas the tag is Jan 28, 2022 · How does RFID work? Many logistics operations of all sizes have recently undergone digital transformations to keep their businesses in step with the competition. The microchip's information can then be picked up through the antenna, which is a copper coil. It is the same technology commonly used in pet microchipping and passports. The capacitor receives power and sends it to the microchip. It will allow us to connect the physical world to the digital world in new and innovative ways. RFID Reader: A RFID reader is a device that emits radio waves and captures data from UHF RFID tags. The speed and ease of RFID scanning enables employees to check inventory levels more frequently, which supports more accurate inventory counts, order forecasts and order amounts, resulting in decreased storage costs and overall costs. Liberty Charge, for example, offers membership from £5 per month – with a free RFID card. But unlike barcode technology, RFID operates through radio waves and consists of three parts: an RFID tag, an RFID reader, and a scanning antenna. The access control software compares the card's Jul 14, 2022 · An RF encoder included in the printer transmits and encrypts data before sending it to the chip. May 8, 2022 · If you are a high-value target, such as an employee with an access card to valuable or sensitive assets, then using an RFID-blocking sleeve or wallet is sensible. The microchip within the tag is what stores and processes information, modulates and demodulates radio-frequency signals. We'll explain how RFID works, the different types of RFID Apr 9, 2019 · How RFID credit cards work. Auto-ID Technologies. Nov 16, 2022 · How Does RFID Technology Work? On the surface, RFID technology most resembles a merchandise barcode and barcode scanner. the runner's bib number) Attach the tag to the object you want to track. Jan 11, 2024 · Yes. Oct 28, 2023 · How Does RFID Technology Work? RFID, or Radio Frequency Identification, technology works through the use of RFID tags, readers, and a networked system. As this trend continues, warehouses increasingly depend upon RFID tags and readers to store critical data for cataloging and tracking warehouse inventory. RFID tags are usually small, but they can be much larger depending on the power source and the consumer’s needs. Putting these components together requires finesse for every retailer’s product and box design—it takes time, commitment, and collaboration. 5 days ago · The basics of an RFID tracking system go something like this: Pick an object you want to track (e. In the case of your credit card it is sending the card numbers to the reader to be processed. This article Jun 2, 2024 · RFID or radio frequency identification is a technology that facilitates the wireless discovery and tracking of any object using high-frequency radio waves. RFID or Radio Frequency Identification is a method to remember and recover remote data. The RFID card, also known as a tag or transponder, contains a microchip and Oct 17, 2023 · In the next section, we will delve deeper into how RFID cards work and the components they consist of. Apparently, the RFID reader is composed of two parts: an antenna and an integrated circuit. Testing and certification test and certify tag inlays for retail uses and materials for retailer and supplier assurance. A tag is attached to the object that needs to be identified/tracked. How Does RFID Work? RFID works by employing an RFID transponder (or tag) and a reader. The ability to allow or deny access based on a vehicle having an RFID tag is a valuable way to provide a perimeter or building an enhanced level of security. Oct 17, 2023 · RFID tags, also called transponders, are small electronic devices that contain a microchip and an antenna. RFID-blocking technology stops thieves from skimming your cards when they Learn the basics of RFID technology, how it works, what it is used for, and the different types and frequencies of RFID. Sep 19, 2023 · Nowadays, RFID technology is applied in a wide range of applications including: Access control solutions. Understanding these components is essential in comprehending how RFID key fobs operate. Jun 12, 2024 · Key Takeaway. Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses tags to track and wirelessly identify objects. Oct 30, 2023 · Meaning, Working, and Use Cases. The tags contain information that can be read at short range via radio waves. 6 Mar 2023. Most RFID tags are passive, meaning that they contain no power of their own. The RF radiation does two Oct 17, 2023 · An RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) system consists of several key components that work together to enable the identification and tracking of objects using radio waves. Jul 2, 2021 · The RFID-related crime that does happen typically occurs at the point of sale when people turn over their credit cards. Oct 17, 2023 · RFID key fobs consist of several key components that work together to provide secure and convenient access control. It uses electromagnetic fields to identify and track RFID tags. In simple terms, RAIN RFID is a passive, battery-free wireless technology that uses a reader to read and write a tagged item, manage the data, and take action. The radio waves then pass through a specially designed interface and are analyzed by targeted computer systems. RFID blocking cards do work. Since its establishment by MIT researchers in 1999, the realm of automatic identification technology, which we call auto-ID for short, has continuously expanded. The RFID reader acts as an access point for RFID tagged items so that the tags’ data can be made available to business applications. . It contains a microchip and an antenna for communication with RFID readers. The chip and reader don't have to touch. Continue reading to Short for Radio Frequency Identification, RFID is a smart tracking solution used in many industries, such as inventory management, logistics, or retail. A database contains a list of all products or persons within the system, so when the RFID transponder approaches a receiver, the reader can identify the unique identity of the person or product. Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) – 433 MHz, 860-960 MHz. The control device sends a signal to the chip in the form of radio waves. It is an easy tap-and-go system. 2. This process allows companies to track items without physically contacting them. Mar 31, 2023 · RFID technology is the wireless technology used to identify and track objects using radio waves. Jan 25, 2023 · In this video, we'll give you a brief overview of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. So, an RFID blocking wallet is worth it for that peace of mind that this low-probability attack could be used against you. These components include RFID tags, RFID readers, RFID antennas, and RFID middleware. Put simply, RFID scanners are used to digitally encode labels that can be read by a reader using radio waves. These technologies reduce the costs of data collection and improve its accuracy. These radio waves transmit data from the tag to a reader, which then transmits the information to an RFID computer program. But the information credit cards transmit by RFID is also very limited. An information ping in every few seconds is what beacons send out. 1. 9mm thin and measures: 3 3/8" (8. Yes. As a cutting-edge technology, Radio Frequency Identification employs electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. Jun 20, 2024 · An RFID chip is used to exchange information with an RFID reader using radio waves. The Reader and Antenna: The RFID reader consists of an antenna that generates an electromagnetic field. 5 cm) wide x 2. a runner) Take an RFID tag and program on it information about the object you want to track (e. Oct 24, 2023 · NFC RFID has been used in marketing for over 10+ years in direct mail, outdoor advertising, product packaging, and print media. Near Field Communication (NFC) – 13. The frequency is modulated to a different frequency and When a RAIN RFID reader emits radio waves to access and read a tag chip, the tag’s antenna collects some of that radio energy and channels it to power the chip. They can also be a hard tag made of plastic or metal affixed to Oct 17, 2023 · An RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) reader is a device that uses radio waves to wirelessly communicate with RFID tags or transponders. Retail organizations typically use RFID for inventory tracking, gaining real-time visibility into stock levels, viewing how goods move through the supply chain, and how inventory leaves the store. RFID printers can also print the label itself, including any requested information such as a barcode, graphics, or graphics. Employees IDs. To delve deeper, RFID systems also are subjected to fundamental electromagnetic principles. Use an RFID reader to scan the tag and read back the information you have Oct 17, 2023 · A typical RFID system consists of several key components that work together to enable the identification, tracking, and management of objects. As they pass the RFID reader, the reader’s energy activates the tag, enabling it to send its information to the reader. Jan 7, 2024 · RFID blocking is the process of making your RFID-enabled device resistant to unauthorized access. Residents place the car RFID tag in a visible spot, usually on their windshield. The main concepts such as backscatter modulation and energy harvesting i Oct 17, 2023 · Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) RFID: UHF RFID operates within the range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz. RFID sensors read the tag data and forward Jul 9, 2024 · Cool Opportunities: With an RFID card, you can do some neat things. 4 cm) tall), and they work in an active way. Real-time inventory tracking. Jun 25, 2017 · In this video, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) Technology has been explained. All US passports issued after 2006 have RFID chips that track your photo and information. Dec 22, 2021 · Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a wireless, non-contact use of radio frequency waves to transmit data. Readers receive these signals and convert them to useful information. The radio label, also called RFID tag, is made up of an electronic chip and an antenna that receives the radio signal emitted by the reader also The tags store information about the object, scanners report the data, and software compiles it into a form management can use. pg ep xo ny om ck fm ci ll ur